Electric & hybrid vessel markets are rocketing amid tightening global emissions regulations

Barche elettriche e navi 2024-2044

Traghetto elettrico, carico/container elettrico, Ro-Ro elettrico, crociera elettrica, OSV elettrico, rimorchiatore elettrico, barche da diporto elettriche per classe di potenza, sistemi di batterie agli ioni di litio, sistemi di propulsione elettrica, interviste ai principali fornitori


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Across the land-based electric vehicle sectors tracked by IDTechEx, there is mostly a transition to battery-electric propulsion systems over the next two decades. The case is not so simple for the marine sector: due to the sheer scale of the power, energy and distance requirements for merchant vessels, reducing maritime emissions will require solutions varying from Li-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells to green ammonia, green hydrogen and e-fuels.
 
Today, electric & hybrid propulsion systems in marine have mostly emerged in recreational boating, ferries and short-sea or inland vessels, where they have enjoyed steady uptake due to small vessel sizes or well-defined operational profiles that allow for opportunity charging. In larger deep-sea vessels, uptake is less rapid but gaining momentum as unprecedented global emissions regulations from the IMO and EU, which initially targeted NOx, SOx & PM, are now focussing on carbon & GHG emissions. The maritime sector is therefore under increasing pressure to decarbonize and meet broader climate goals, and while there is no silver bullet, solutions are potentially emerging into 'multiple silver bullets', each which can target a specific subsector. For example, batteries for pure electric ferries and tugboats, and green fuels (often paired with batteries) in hybrid sea-going vessels.
 
 
Source: IDTechEx
 
Pure battery-electric ships are often the best solution where operationally possible, in terms of reducing emissions and, typically, lifetime costs. Technological advancements in electric powertrain technology, driven by the automotive sector, are allowing systems of up to 70MWh be proposed for individual vessels. While the energy needs of deep-sea vessels between destinations span into the hundreds of mega-watt hours, beyond the capabilities of pure electric propulsion, battery systems add value by improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines and even fuel cells, driving a hybrid market.
 
By volume, electric recreational & leisure boating is the largest market, with tens of thousands sold yearly. These are the cars of the marine world - privately owned with relatively short-range requirements and pure electric with batteries up to a few hundred kWh. In contrast, several hundred hybrid deep-sea vessels are in-service today. Yet, this sector has the largest market value and demand for maritime batteries in the future due to the vessel sizes and high energy requirements involved, leading to giant battery systems per vessel.
 
The IDTechEx report 'Electric Boats & Ships 2024 - 2044' provides granular 20-year forecasts in unit sales, battery demand (GWh) & battery market value ($ bn) for electric ferry, electric cargo/container, electric Ro-Ro, electric cruise, electric OSV, electric tugboat and electric recreational boats by power class (<1kW, <12kW, >25kW). It further shares technology analysis and price information on marine Li-ion battery systems ($/kWh 2020 - 2044) and electric propulsion systems based on multiple supplier interviews.
 
Key aspects
  • Annual number of electric vessels 2020-2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
  • Battery demand from electric vessels MWh 2020-2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
  • Market size of marine battery systems 2020-2044 (US$ bn): Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
  • Regional electric ferry sales & battery demand 2020-2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW
  • Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020-2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
  • Recreational electric boat battery demand MWh by power class 2020-2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
  • Marine battery system price forecast 2022-2044 ($/kWh)
  • Analysis of marine Li-ion battery system technologies & suppliers with primary interviews
  • Analysis of marine motor & propulsion system technologies & suppliers with primary interviews
Report MetricsDetails
Historic Data2020 - 2022
CAGRThe next ten years see maritime battery system deliveries grow at 26% CAGR
Forecast Period2023 - 2044
Forecast UnitsUnit sales, battery demand (GWh), battery market size ($ bn), Li-ion system price ($/kWh)
Regions CoveredWorldwide
Segments CoveredElectric ferry, electric cargo/container, electric Ro-Ro, electric cruise, electric OSV, electric tugboat, electric recreational boats by powerclass
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Table of Contents
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Report Introduction
1.2.Marine sectors & powertrain suitability
1.3.Summary of market drivers for electric & hybrid marine
1.4.Marine battery market history 2019 - 2025 by subsector: ferry, cruise, ro-ro, cargo, OSV, tug, other
1.5.Electric ferry adoption in Norway 2015 - 2030
1.6.The need for alternative fuels & fuel cells
1.7.The importance of batteries in hybrid systems
1.8.Why marine batteries are unique
1.9.Marine systems: stacks & strings scaling to MWh
1.10.Marine battery system specs
1.11.Maritime battery supplier market share 2018 - 2022 (MWh)
1.12.Battery chemistries for marine applications
1.13.Overview of policy for maritime batteries
1.14.Policy drivers & barriers for recreational electric boating
1.15.Solutions for new maritime emissions regulations
1.16.Annual number of electric vessels 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
1.17.Battery demand from electric vessels (GWh) 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
1.18.Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
1.19.Recreational electric boat battery demand by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
1.20.Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044
1.21.Market size of marine battery systems 2020 - 2044 ($ bn): Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
2.POLICY DRIVERS & EMISSIONS REGULATION FOR SEAGOING & MERCHANT SHIPS
2.1.Chapter Summary
2.2.The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
2.3.Emission Control Areas
2.4.Sulphur and Nitrous Oxide Emissions
2.5.NOx and SOx: a huge problem for the shipping sector
2.6.Fuel cost savings and ROI
2.7.Traditional Solutions: Scrubbers & Speed Reduction
2.8.Shifting Emission Policy Focus
2.9.Marine CO2 Emissions and Targets
2.10.Reducing Greenhouse Gases: EEXI & CII
2.11.EU 'Fit for 55'
2.12.EU-Specific Policy
2.13.Solutions for Greenhouse Gas Regulations
3.ELECTRIC FERRIES: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES
3.1.Hybrid & pure electric propulsion systems
3.2.Do diesel-electrics count?
3.3.Number of ferries in operation globally
3.4.Electric and hybrid ferries: regional market share
3.5.Ferries are well suited for electrification
3.6.Leclanché e-ferry: 4.3MWh battery with 1C charging
3.7.Battery behemoth: the 70MWh Ferry with 0.5C charging
3.8.Supercapacitor ferry from Nidec
3.9.Electric ferry adoption in Norway 2015 - 2030
3.10.Average battery kWh/ferry increases 2014 - 2023
3.11.Electric ferry sales 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW
3.12.Average ferry battery system capacity/vessel 2020 - 2044 (kWh)
3.13.Electric ferry batter demand (GWh) 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW
4.ELECTRIC OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSELS: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES
4.1.Types of offshore support vessel (OSV)
4.2.Offshore-wind capacity additions 2015 - 2030 & the requirement for new OSVs
4.3.Trends in the global OSV fleet
4.4.The spike for hybrid OSVs
4.5.Hybrid battery value proposition & fuel efficiency
4.6.Regional, newbuild & average battery kWh/OSV trends increases 2016-2023
4.7.OSV case study & typical specs
4.8.Electric OSV sales 2020-2044
5.ELECTRIC CRUISE SHIPS: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES
5.1.Cruise ship markets dominated by a few players
5.2.Cruise ships during the pandemic
5.3.Zero emission port regulations drive battery uptake for global cruising
5.4.Average battery kWh/cruise ship assumption 2020 - 2044
5.5.Cruise ship projects & specifications
5.6.Electric cruise ship sales 2020 - 2044
6.ELECTRIC MERCHANT SHIPS
6.1.Navigating shipping terms
6.2.Seaborne trade and the global economy
6.3.Shipbuilding cycles from 2005
6.4.Growth in the merchant ship fleet
6.5.Hyundai Heavy Industries merchant ship deliveries
6.6.Cost of MGO vs alternative fuels
6.7.Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Lifecycle Emissions
6.8.Environmental benefit of LNG
6.9.Overview of e-fuels
6.10.Carbon capture in marine vessels
6.11.Electric tanker case studies in Norway & Japan
6.12.First pure electric container ship in China
6.13.Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Deliveries 2020 - 2044
6.14.Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Battery Demand MWh 2020 - 2044
7.ELECTRIC BOATS: LEISURE & RECREATIONAL MARKETS, TECHNOLOGIES, FORECASTS
7.1.Leisure & recreational electric boat markets
7.2.Boat propulsion types & trend towards outboards
7.3.Total historic outboard sales globally, in the US & by power class
7.4.Gas/petrol outboard emissions lack standards
7.5.Trolling motors do not compete with petrol/gas outboards
7.6.Torqeedo/Deutz electric outboards growing rapidly
7.7.Electric outboard prices several times ICE
7.8.ePropulsion rising to market leader status with efficient direct drive electric outboards
7.9.e'dyn marine, a newcomer from Slovenia
7.10.Pure watercraft, GM invests in electric leisure boating
7.11.Conventional outboard companies
7.12.Mercury Marine: traditional outboard maker enters electric race
7.13.Brunswick plans to introduce electric boats
7.14.Vision Marine 660V outboard & industry trends
7.15.Beneteau introducing electric and hybrid propulsion systems
7.16.Electric pontoon market in the US is booming
7.17.Hydrofoiling reduces drag 50% & improves electric range
7.18.Types of hydrofoil: V & T shaped
7.19.Candela hydrofoiling technology
7.20.Candela: business & markets
7.21.Battery chemistry choices, prices & suppliers
7.22.Policy drivers & barriers for recreational electric boating
7.23.Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
8.BATTERY TECHNOLOGY & MARINE BATTERY SYSTEM SUPPLIERS
8.1.Lithium Battery Chemistry Overview
8.2.Current & Emerging Lithium Batteries Ranked
8.3.The Promise of Silicon
8.4.Silicon Anode Material Opportunities
8.5.Silicon Anode - Company Benchmarking
8.6.LTO Battery Cell Technology
8.7.Key performance indicators for electric boats & ships
8.8.Battery Chemistry Benchmarking
8.9.Cylindrical, Prismatic, Pouch Cell Format Comparison
8.10.Shifts in Cell and Pack Design
8.11.Larger Format 4680 Cylindrical Cells
8.12.Li-ion Batteries: From Cell to Pack
8.13.Heavy Duty Battery Pack Manufacturing Trends
8.14.Battery Pack Materials
8.15.Eliminating the Battery Module
8.16.Battery Enclosure Materials Summary
8.17.Lightweighting Battery Enclosures
8.18.IDTechEx Li-ion Battery Timeline
8.19.Timeline and Outlook for Li-ion Cell Energy Densities
8.20.Li-ion Timeline Commentary
9.MARINE BATTERY SYSTEMS: COOLING, THERMAL MANAGEMENT, SUPPLIERS & MARKET SHARES
9.1.The importance of batteries in hybrid systems
9.2.Why marine batteries are unique
9.3.Marine systems: stacks & strings scaling to MWh
9.4.Optimal Temperatures for Multiple Components
9.5.Thermal runaway and fires in EVs
9.6.EV fires compared to ICEs
9.7.The dangers of a battery fire at sea
9.8.Thermal runaway standards
9.9.Cooling strategy thermal properties
9.10.Analysis of battery cooling methods
9.11.Air cooling for battery systems
9.12.Liquid cooling for battery systems
9.13.Liquid cooling: design options
9.14.Coolants: comparison
9.15.Liquid cooling: alternative fluids
9.16.Liquid cooling supply announcements
9.17.Maritime battery supplier market share 2018 - 2022 (MWh)
9.18.Battery chemistries for marine applications
9.19.Historic marine battery system prices correlated with market growth
9.20.Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044
9.21.Corvus Energy delivers over 200MWh/year
9.22.Marine battery system specs
9.23.Leclanché cell design and energy density increases
9.24.Leclanché: 70MWh of marine projects
9.25.BorgWarner acquires Akasol as key heavy duty battery supplier
9.26.ZEM - leader in Norway
9.27.EST-Floattech: rapid growth & supply chain
9.28.EST-Floattech: business & markets
9.29.CATL subsidiary for ships
9.30.Forsee Power Zen Slim modules
9.31.Phinergy: Aluminium Air Battery
9.32.Phinergy: Reductions to the Cathode
9.33.Other Heavy-duty Li-ion Battery Pack Suppliers
10.ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR BOATS & SHIPS
10.1.Electric motor technologies overview
10.2.Comparison of Motor Construction and Merits
10.3.Benchmarking motors: BLDC
10.4.Benchmarking motors: ACIM
10.5.Benchmarking motors: PMSM
10.6.Differences Between PMSM and BLDC
10.7.Benchmarking motors: WRSM
10.8.Benchmarking motors: Switched Reluctance
10.9.Benchmarking motors: PM/Reluctance
10.10.Peak vs Continuous Properties
10.11.Efficiency
10.12.Propulsive power: electric drives have an efficiency advantage
10.13.Typical electric outboard power classes & costs
10.14.Torqeedo drive systems by voltage
10.15.Direct-drive 140kW motor for ferries
10.16.Candela pod motor
10.17.Bell Marine: Major Supplier to Amsterdam Canals
10.18.Danfoss 380kW motor in the e-Ferry
10.19.Vebrat powerful electric inboards
10.20.General Electric - Perspective on Silicon Carbide in Hybrid Ship Converters
11.FORECAST METHODOLOGY & SUMMARY FOR ELECTRIC BOATS & SHIPS
11.1.Long-term Forecasting of Technologies
11.2.Forecast Methodology
11.3.Forecast Methodology & FAQ
11.4.Annual number of electric vessels 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
11.5.Battery demand from electric vessels MWh 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
11.6.Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
11.7.Recreational electric boat battery demand by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW
11.8.Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044
11.9.Market size of marine battery systems 2020 - 2044 ($ bn): Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other
11.10.Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ships 2020 - 2044
11.11.Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Battery Demand MWh 2020 - 2044
11.12.Electric ferry sales 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW
11.13.Average ferry battery system capacity/vessel 2020 - 2044 (kWh)
11.14.Electric ferry batter demand (GWh) 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW
11.15.Electric OSV sales 2020 - 2044
11.16.Average battery kWh/cruise ship assumption 2020 - 2044
11.17.Electric cruise ship sales 2020 - 2044
12.COMPANY PROFILES
12.1.Leisure/recreational boating
12.1.1.Candela
12.1.2.e'dyn Marine
12.1.3.ePropulsion
12.1.4.GM Fireside Chat (Pure Watercraft investment)
12.1.5.Pure Watercraft
12.1.6.Torqeedo
12.2.Battery systems
12.2.1.Corvus Energy
12.2.2.EST-FLOATTECH
12.2.3.Forsee Power
12.2.4.Leclanché
12.2.5.Saft
12.2.6.Toshiba
12.3.Fuel cell systems
12.3.1.Advent Technologies (HT PEM)
12.3.2.Ballard (PEM)
12.3.3.Blue World Technologies (HT PEM)
12.3.4.Corvus Energy (PEM)
12.3.5.Cummins/hydrogenics (PEM)
12.3.6.Freudenberg E-Power Systems (PEM)
12.3.7.Nedstack (PEM)
12.3.8.PowerCell (PEM)
 

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Report Statistics

Slides 208
Companies 20
Forecasts to 2044
ISBN 9781915514752
 

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