到 2033 年，固态电池将带来 80 亿美元的市场机会
固态和聚合物电池 2023-2033：技术、预测、参与者
电池业务的革命性策略和潜在的电动车行业革新者。
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此报告介绍了固态电池技术、材料、市场、供应链和市场参与者。报告对现有固态电池技术进行了评估和基准化，介绍了全球大多数市场参与者，并分析了该领域的主要参与者，针对容量和市场价值预测了 2023 年到 2033 年 3 个关键技术类别的 10 个应用领域。报告还分析了固态电池背后的大肆宣传和希望，提供了深入的技术和商业见解。
This report characterizes the solid-state battery technologies, materials, market, supply chain and players. It assesses and benchmarks the available solid-state battery technologies, introduces most players worldwide and analyzes the key players in this field, forecasted from 2023 to 2033 over 10 application areas of 3 key technology categories for both capacity and market value. The report also analyzes the hype and hopes behind solid-state batteries, providing deep technological and business insights.
Conventional lithium-ion batteries based on graphite anodes, layered oxide cathodes (LCO, NMC, NCA) and liquid electrolyte have been ubiquitously adopted in our daily life, from small consumer electronics to large electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems. The requirement of decarbonization triggered electrification, further leading to the rapid growth of electric vehicle market, which has driven the development, manufacture and sales of batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries. Since their commercialization in 1991, lithium-ion batteries have had a dominant position in the battery market in various applications. In the meantime, due to their performance limitation, environmental consideration, and supply chain constraints, next-generation battery technologies are being researched, developed and commercialized. Among them, solid-state batteries have attracted the most attention, from research institutes, material providers, battery vendors, component suppliers, automotive OEMs, and venture capitals and investors.
The popular discussions on solid-state batteries have brought efforts both in academia and industry. With an increasing number of players working in this field and some milestones being achieved, a US$8 billion-market-size opportunity is potentially waiting for solid-state batteries.
Solid-state battery addressable market size. Source: IDTechEx
After years of development, a few solid-state batteries have been commercialized, with more under development. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of Li-ion batteries, there are discussions around which technologies are worth the resources and investment. There are hypes in solid-state batteries, as sometimes they are marketed as the definite replacement of conventional lithium-ion batteries. There are also pessimistic opinions, believing solid-state batteries are only in the lab and they won't bring actual superior value propositions compared with existing lithium-ion batteries.
In addition, there is a tremendous number of players announcing their technologies being the game changer of the world, together with their commercial and manufacturing plans. Solid-state batteries differ from conventional lithium-ion batteries, from the materials used, cell design, system design, to supply chain establishment, manufacturing, and recycling. It is not a mature industry yet, leaving lots of unclear questions to answer.
This report is tackling these doubts around solid-state batteries, providing introduction, analysis, and insights from various angles such as technology, commercialization, supply chain, manufacturing, markets, and players.
Within the solid-state battery regime, there are various technology approaches. Oxide, sulfide and polymer systems have become the most popular options in the next-generation development, with further variations under each category. In general, sulfide electrolytes have the advantages of high ionic conductivity - even better than liquid electrolyte - low processing temperature, and a wide electrochemical stability window. Many features make them appealing, being considered by many as the ultimate option. However, the difficulty of manufacturing and the toxic by-product hydrogen sulfide generated in the process make the commercialization relatively slow. Polymer systems are easy to fabricate, most compatible to existing manufacturing facility, and some of them are already in commercialization. The relatively high operating temperature, low anti-oxide potential, and worse stability indicate challenges. Oxide systems are more stable for lithium metal, with good electrochemical and thermal stabilities. However, the higher interface resistance and higher-cost, lower-yield manufacturing processes show some difficulties in general.
Comparison of solid-state batteries. Source: IDTechEx
There are also other technologies with further modifications within the three material systems, as well as beyond.
No technology is perfect, and complication of technical details, testing conditions, and data selected to be published can make the public very confused regarding the pros and cons of each technology. This report is therefore aiming to offer a detailed explanation and analysis from a technical angle, with our own opinions. The hypes and hopes of solid-state batteries are assessed as well. Although a few advantages cannot really be provided by current solid-state batteries, compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries, better safety, potential energy density increase, and system level design simplification are still the major drivers from solid-state batteries.
IDTechEx has been tracking the development of solid-state battery since 2014 and with years of experience, we have observed the gradual transition of efforts in this industry. For instance, early focuses were mostly on solid-state electrolyte and half/full cell demonstration. With further improvement, more things are considered for commercialization. Sample validation, system design, supply chain establishment, and manufacturing optimization are becoming increasingly important.
Conventional lithium-ion battery manufacturing has been dominated by East Asia, with Japan, China, and South Korea playing a significant role. US and European countries are competing in the race, shifting the added values away from East Asia and building battery manufacturing close to the application market. New material/component selection and change of manufacturing procedures show an indication of reshuffle of the battery supply chain. From both a technology and business point of view, development of solid-state battery has become part of the next-generation battery strategy. It has become a global game with regional interests and governmental supports. Opportunities will be available with new materials, components, systems, manufacturing methods and know-how.
Global major solid-state battery players. Source: IDTechEx
The report covers the manufacturing procedures and how various companies try to address the limitations, as well as research progress and activities of important players. The global market analysis is provided, with 10-year forecasts until 2033 for both production capacity and market size, over 10 application areas and 3 major technology groups.
This report also talks about most of the players working in this area and profiles 45 of them in "Company Profile" section. It offers further detailed company analysis of the key players, such as its technology analysis, product introduction, roadmap, financial/funding, materials, cell specification, manufacturing, supply chain, partnerships, patent introduction, future business, and SWOT analysis.
Key takeaways from this report:
- Overview of lithium-ion battery, various solid-state battery technologies, analysis and benchmarking
- Technology and manufacturing timelines, roadmaps
- Manufacturing methods
- Market analysis and forecasts
- Cost and energy density analysis
- Solid-state battery hype vs hope analysis
- Player activity tracking & evaluation
- Supply chain analysis
- Regulations and recycling
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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Classifications of solid-state electrolytes |
| 1.2. | Liquid vs. solid-state batteries |
| 1.3. | Thin film vs. bulk solid-state batteries |
| 1.4. | SSB company commercial plans |
| 1.5. | Solid state battery collaborations / investment by Automotive OEMs |
| 1.6. | Status and future of solid state battery business |
| 1.7. | Resources considerations |
| 1.8. | Analysis of different features of SSBs |
| 1.9. | Location overview of major solid-state battery companies |
| 1.10. | Solid-state battery partnerships |
| 1.11. | Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology |
| 1.12. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 1 |
| 1.13. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 2 |
| 1.14. | Current electrolyte challenges and possible solution |
| 1.15. | Technology summary of various companies |
| 1.16. | Solid-state battery value chain |
| 1.17. | Market forecast methodology |
| 1.18. | Assumptions and analysis of market forecast of SSB |
| 1.19. | Price forecast of solid state battery for various applications |
| 1.20. | Solid-state battery addressable market size |
| 1.21. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2033 by application (GWh) |
| 1.22. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2033 by application (market value) |
| 1.23. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2033 by technology (GWh) |
| 1.24. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2033 by technology (GWh) |
| 1.25. | Market size segmentation in 2023 and 2028 |
| 1.26. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2033 for car plug in |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 2.1. | What is a solid-state battery |
| 2.1.1. | Introduction |
| 2.1.2. | Classifications of solid-state electrolytes |
| 2.1.3. | A solid future? |
| 2.1.4. | History of solid-state batteries |
| 2.1.5. | Milestone of solid-state battery development |
| 2.1.6. | Solid-state electrolytes |
| 2.1.7. | Requirements for solid-state electrolyte with multifunctions |
| 2.2. | Interests and Activities on Solid-State Batteries |
| 2.2.1. | How to design a good solid-state electrolyte |
| 2.2.2. | Energy storage evolvement |
| 2.2.3. | Solid-state battery publication dynamics |
| 2.2.4. | Regional efforts: USA |
| 2.2.5. | Regional efforts: Japan |
| 2.2.6. | Regional efforts: South Korea |
| 2.2.7. | Battery vendors' efforts - Samsung SDI |
| 2.2.8. | Samsung's commercial efforts |
| 2.2.9. | LG's contributions |
| 2.2.10. | Regional efforts: China |
| 2.2.11. | Interests in China |
| 2.2.12. | 14 Other Chinese player activities on solid state batteries |
| 2.2.13. | Chinese car player activities on solid-state batteries |
| 2.2.14. | Regional efforts: UK |
| 2.2.15. | Regional efforts: Others |
| 2.2.16. | Automakers' efforts - BMW |
| 2.2.17. | Mercedes-Benz's inhouse cell development |
| 2.2.18. | Automakers' efforts - Volkswagen |
| 2.2.19. | Volkswagen's investment in electric vehicle batteries |
| 2.2.20. | Automakers' efforts - Hyundai |
| 3. | SOLID-STATE BATTERIES, HOPE OR HYPE?—CONTROVERSIAL OPINIONS ON SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 3.1. | Introduction |
| 3.1.1. | Value propositions of solid-state batteries |
| 3.1.2. | Negative opinions on solid-state batteries |
| 3.2. | Better Safety? |
| 3.2.1. | Typical hypes of solid-state batteries |
| 3.2.2. | Safety consideration |
| 3.2.3. | Safety of liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries |
| 3.2.4. | Modern horror films are finding their scares in dead phone batteries |
| 3.2.5. | Samsung's Firegate |
| 3.2.6. | LIB cell temperature and likely outcome |
| 3.2.7. | Safety aspects of Li-ion batteries |
| 3.2.8. | Are solid-state battery safer? |
| 3.2.9. | Conclusions of SSB safety |
| 3.3. | Higher Energy Density? |
| 3.3.1. | How do SSBs help with energy density |
| 3.3.2. | Energy density improvement |
| 3.3.3. | Solid state battery does not always lead to higher energy density |
| 3.3.4. | Specific energy comparison of different electrolytes |
| 3.3.5. | Alternative anode is required for high energy density |
| 3.3.6. | Lithium metal anode |
| 3.3.7. | Where is lithium? |
| 3.3.8. | How to produce lithium |
| 3.3.9. | Lithium hydroxide vs. lithium carbonate |
| 3.3.10. | Lithium-metal battery approaches |
| 3.3.11. | Failure story about metallic lithium anode |
| 3.3.12. | Lithium metal challenge |
| 3.3.13. | Dendrite formation: Current density |
| 3.3.14. | Dendrite formation: Pressure and temperature |
| 3.3.15. | Cycling preference for anode-free lithium metal cells |
| 3.3.16. | Solid-state battery with lithium metal anode |
| 3.3.17. | Lithium in solid-state batteries |
| 3.3.18. | Lithium metal foils |
| 3.3.19. | Silicon anode |
| 3.3.20. | Introduction to silicon anode |
| 3.3.21. | Value proposition of silicon anodes |
| 3.3.22. | Comparison between graphite and silicon |
| 3.3.23. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
| 3.3.24. | Silicon anode for solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.3.25. | Conclusions of solid-state battery energy density |
| 3.4. | Fast Charging? |
| 3.4.1. | Fast charging at each stage |
| 3.4.2. | The importance of battery feature for fast charging |
| 3.4.3. | Fast charging for solid-state batteries |
| 3.5. | Reality of Solid-State Batteries |
| 3.5.1. | Analysis of different features of SSBs |
| 4. | SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE |
| 4.1. | Introduction |
| 4.1.1. | Solid-state electrolyte landscape |
| 4.2. | Solid Polymer Electrolyte |
| 4.2.1. | LiPo batteries, polymer-based batteries, polymeric batteries |
| 4.2.2. | Types of polymer electrolytes |
| 4.2.3. | Electrolytic polymer options |
| 4.2.4. | Advantages and issues of polymer electrolytes |
| 4.2.5. | PEO for solid polymer electrolyte |
| 4.2.6. | Companies working on polymer solid state batteries |
| 4.3. | Solid Oxide Inorganic Electrolytes |
| 4.3.1. | Oxide electrolyte |
| 4.3.2. | Garnet |
| 4.3.3. | Estimated cost projection for LLZO-based SSB |
| 4.3.4. | NASICON-type |
| 4.3.5. | Perovskite |
| 4.3.6. | LiPON |
| 4.3.7. | LiPON: construction |
| 4.3.8. | Players worked and working LiPON-based batteries |
| 4.3.9. | Cathode material options for LiPON-based batteries |
| 4.3.10. | Anodes for LiPON-based batteries |
| 4.3.11. | Substrate options for LiPON-based batteries |
| 4.3.12. | Trend of materials and processes of thin-film battery in different companies |
| 4.3.13. | LiPON: capacity increase |
| 4.3.14. | Comparison of inorganic oxide solid-state electrolyte |
| 4.3.15. | Thermal stability of oxide electrolyte with lithium metal |
| 4.3.16. | Companies working on oxide solid state batteries |
| 4.4. | Solid Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes |
| 4.4.1. | LISICON-type 1 |
| 4.4.2. | LISICON-type 2 |
| 4.4.3. | Argyrodite |
| 4.4.4. | Companies working on sulphide solid state batteries |
| 4.5. | Composite Electrolytes |
| 4.5.1. | The best of both worlds? |
| 4.5.2. | Common hybrid electrolyte concept |
| 4.6. | Other Electrolytes |
| 4.6.1. | Li-hydrides |
| 4.6.2. | Li-halides |
| 4.7. | Electrolyte analysis and comparison |
| 4.7.1. | Technology evaluation |
| 4.7.2. | Technology evaluation (continued) |
| 4.7.3. | Types of solid inorganic electrolytes for Li-ion |
| 4.7.4. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 1 |
| 4.7.5. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 2 |
| 4.7.6. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 3 |
| 4.7.7. | Dendrites prevention |
| 4.7.8. | Comparison between inorganic and polymer electrolytes 1 |
| 4.7.9. | Comparison between inorganic and polymer electrolytes 2 |
| 5. | FROM CELLS DESIGN TO SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 5.1. | Solid-State Battery Cell Design |
| 5.1.1. | Commercial battery form factors 1 |
| 5.1.2. | Commercial battery form factors 2 |
| 5.1.3. | Battery configurations 1 |
| 5.1.4. | Battery configurations 2 |
| 5.1.5. | Cell stacking options |
| 5.1.6. | Bipolar cells |
| 5.1.7. | ProLogium's bipolar design |
| 5.1.8. | "Anode-free" batteries |
| 5.1.9. | Challenges of anode free batteries |
| 5.1.10. | Close stacking |
| 5.1.11. | Flexibility and customisation provided by solid-state batteries |
| 5.1.12. | Cell size trend |
| 5.1.13. | Cell design ideas |
| 5.2. | From Cell to Pack |
| 5.2.1. | Pack parameters mean more than cell's |
| 5.2.2. | The importance of a pack system |
| 5.2.3. | Influence of the CTP design |
| 5.2.4. | BYD's blade battery: overview |
| 5.2.5. | BYD's blade battery: structure and composition |
| 5.2.6. | BYD's blade battery: design |
| 5.2.7. | BYD's blade battery: pack layout |
| 5.2.8. | BYD's blade battery: energy density improvement |
| 5.2.9. | BYD's blade battery: thermal safety |
| 5.2.10. | BYD's blade battery: structural safety |
| 5.2.11. | Cost and performance |
| 5.2.12. | BYD's blade battery: what CTP indicates |
| 5.2.13. | CATL's CTP design |
| 5.2.14. | CATL's CTP battery evolution |
| 5.2.15. | CATL's Qilin Battery |
| 5.2.16. | From cell to pack for conventional Li-ions |
| 5.2.17. | Solid-state batteries: From cell to pack |
| 5.2.18. | Bipolar-enabled CTP |
| 5.2.19. | Conventional design vs. bipolar cell design |
| 5.2.20. | EV battery pack assembly |
| 5.2.21. | ProLogium: "MAB" EV battery pack assembly |
| 5.2.22. | MAB idea to increase assembly utilization |
| 5.2.23. | Solid-state battery: Competing at pack level |
| 5.2.24. | Business models between battery-auto companies |
| 5.3. | Battery Management System for Solid-State Batteries |
| 5.3.1. | The importance of a battery management system |
| 5.3.2. | Functions of a BMS |
| 5.3.3. | BMS subsystems |
| 5.3.4. | Cell control |
| 5.3.5. | Cooling technology comparison |
| 5.3.6. | BMS designs with different geometries |
| 5.3.7. | Qilin Battery's thermal management system |
| 5.3.8. | Thermal conductivity of the cells |
| 5.3.9. | Cell connection |
| 5.3.10. | BMS design considerations for SSBs |
| 6. | SOLID-STATE BATTERY MANUFACTURING |
| 6.1. | Timeline for mass production |
| 6.2. | Conventional Li-ion battery cell production process |
| 6.3. | The incumbent process: lamination |
| 6.4. | Conventional Li-ion battery manufacturing conditions |
| 6.5. | General manufacturing differences between conventional Li-ion and SSBs |
| 6.6. | Process chains for solid electrolyte fabrication |
| 6.7. | Process chains for anode fabrication |
| 6.8. | Process chains for cathode fabrication |
| 6.9. | Process chains for cell assembly |
| 6.10. | Exemplary manufacturing processes |
| 6.11. | Possible processing routes of solid-state battery components fabrication |
| 6.12. | Are mass production coming? |
| 6.13. | Pouch cells |
| 6.14. | Techniques to fabricate aluminium laminated sheets |
| 6.15. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 1 |
| 6.16. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 2 |
| 6.17. | Oxide electrolyte thickness and processing temperatures |
| 6.18. | Solid battery fabrication process |
| 6.19. | Manufacturing equipment for solid-state batteries |
| 6.20. | Industrial-scale fabrication of Li metal polymer batteries |
| 6.21. | Are thin film electrolytes viable? |
| 6.22. | Summary of main fabrication technique for thin film batteries |
| 6.23. | Wet-chemical & vacuum-based deposition methods for Li-oxide thin films |
| 6.24. | Current processing methods and challenges for mass manufacturing of Li-oxide thin-film materials |
| 6.25. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 1 |
| 6.26. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 2 |
| 6.27. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 3 |
| 6.28. | Ilika's PVD approach |
| 6.29. | Avenues for manufacturing |
| 6.30. | Toyota's approach 1 |
| 6.31. | Toyota's approach 2 |
| 6.32. | Hitachi Zosen's approach |
| 6.33. | Sakti3's PVD approach |
| 6.34. | Planar Energy's approach |
| 6.35. | Typical manufacturing method of the all solid-state battery (SMD type) |
| 6.36. | ProLogium's LCB manufacturing processes |
| 6.37. | ProLogium's manufacturing processes |
| 6.38. | Solid Power: Fabrication of cathode and electrolyte |
| 6.39. | Solid Power cell production |
| 6.40. | Pilot production facility of Solid Power |
| 6.41. | Qingtao's manufacturing processes |
| 6.42. | Yichun 1GWh facility equipment and capacity |
| 6.43. | Introduction to dry electrode manufacturing |
| 6.44. | Dry battery electrode fabrication |
| 6.45. | Dry electrode binders |
| 6.46. | Comparison between wet slurry and dry electrode processes |
| 7. | SOLID-STATE BATTERIES BEYOND LI-ION |
| 7.1. | Solid-state electrolytes in lithium-sulphur batteries |
| 7.2. | Lithium sulphur solid electrode development phases |
| 7.3. | Solid-state electrolytes in lithium-air batteries |
| 7.4. | Solid-state electrolytes in metal-air batteries |
| 7.5. | Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries 1 |
| 7.6. | Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries 2 |
| 7.7. | Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-sulphur batteries 1 |
| 7.8. | Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-sulphur batteries 2 |
| 8. | RECYCLING |
| 8.1. | Global policy summary on Li-ion battery recycling |
| 8.2. | Battery geometry for recycling |
| 8.3. | Lack of pack standardisation |
| 8.4. | LIB recycling approaches overview |
| 8.5. | Recycling categories |
| 8.6. | Recycling of SSBs |
| 8.7. | Recycling plan of ProLogium |
| 9. | POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT |
| 9.1. | Introduction |
| 9.1.1. | Roadmap for battery cell technology |
| 9.1.2. | Technology roadmap according to Germany's NPE |
| 9.1.3. | Worldwide battery target roadmap |
| 9.1.4. | Solid-state battery roadmap to 2035 |
| 9.1.5. | Material to cell roadmap |
| 9.1.6. | Cell to application roadmap |
| 9.1.7. | Global electrification commitments |
| 9.1.8. | Factors affecting the European market 1 |
| 9.1.9. | Factors affecting the European market 2 |
| 9.1.10. | Factors affecting the European market 3 |
| 9.2. | Standards/Policies/Regulations for Automotive Applications |
| 9.2.1. | Global environment |
| 9.2.2. | Standardisation and legislative framework |
| 9.2.3. | Global Standardization and Regulation |
| 9.2.4. | International Organizations |
| 9.2.5. | Relevant National Organizations |
| 9.2.6. | UN 38.3 |
| 9.2.7. | IEC - 61960 |
| 9.2.8. | IEC 61960 - 3 &4 |
| 9.2.9. | SAE J2464 |
| 9.2.10. | UL 1642 |
| 9.2.11. | UL 1642 - Further information: Scope of the Test |
| 9.2.12. | EUCAR and the Hazard Level |
| 9.2.13. | Common safety verification |
| 10. | SOLID-STATE BATTERY APPLICATIONS |
| 10.1. | Potential applications for solid-state batteries |
| 10.2. | Market readiness |
| 10.3. | Market readiness 2 |
| 10.4. | Market readiness 3 |
| 10.5. | Solid-state batteries for consumer electronics |
| 10.6. | Performance comparison: CEs & wearables |
| 10.7. | Batteries used in electric vehicles: example |
| 10.8. | Solid-state batteries for electric vehicles |
| 11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 11.1. | 24M |
| 11.1.1. | Company summary |
| 11.1.2. | Performance summary of 24M |
| 11.1.3. | 24M's cell configuration |
| 11.1.4. | History of 24M |
| 11.1.5. | History of 24M (2) |
| 11.1.6. | 24M's technology |
| 11.1.7. | Partnership history and target specifications |
| 11.1.8. | Manufacturing comparison |
| 11.1.9. | Streamlined production process vs. conventional solutions |
| 11.1.10. | Time saving of 24M technology |
| 11.1.11. | FREYR battery manufacturing development roadmap based on 24M's technology |
| 11.1.12. | Processes of manufacturing semi-solid cells |
| 11.1.13. | New platform enabled by 24M |
| 11.1.14. | Redefining manufacturing process by 24M |
| 11.1.15. | 24M's semi-automated pilot manufacturing line |
| 11.1.16. | Kyocera's commercial activities |
| 11.1.17. | 24M Dual Electrolyte System |
| 11.1.18. | Dual Electrolyte System proof of concept |
| 11.1.19. | Dual electrolyte enabling Li-metal: NMC622/SSE, 45 µm /lithium metal |
| 11.1.20. | Lithium coated copper foil for pre-lithiation |
| 11.1.21. | 24M commercial partners and investors |
| 11.1.22. | 24M's business model and funding |
| 11.1.23. | 24M product roadmap |
| 11.1.24. | FREYR's battery supply chain |
| 11.1.25. | Value chain of Freyr by using 24M technology |
| 11.1.26. | Emerging European battery supply chain facilitates full-cycle sustainability |
| 11.1.27. | 24M supply chain |
| 11.1.28. | Carbon reduction analysis |
| 11.1.29. | Battery cost breakdown by Freyr |
| 11.1.30. | Patent descriptions of 24M |
| 11.1.31. | SWOT analysis of 24M |
| 11.1.32. | Technology analysis |
| 11.1.33. | Technology analysis (2) |
| 11.1.34. | Manufacturing and supply chain analysis |
| 11.1.35. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.2. | Ampcera |
| 11.2.1. | Company introduction |
| 11.2.2. | Ampcera's technology |
| 11.2.3. | Solid-state composite |
| 11.2.4. | Products |
| 11.2.5. | Key customers and partners |
| 11.3. | Blue Solutions / Bolloré |
| 11.3.1. | Introduction to Blue Solutions |
| 11.3.2. | Bolloré's LMF batteries |
| 11.3.3. | Automakers' efforts - Bolloré |
| 11.3.4. | Blue Solutions' technology development |
| 11.4. | BrightVolt |
| 11.4.1. | BrightVolt batteries |
| 11.4.2. | BrightVolt electrolyte |
| 11.4.3. | PME enabled simplified back-end assembly |
| 11.4.4. | Battery testing data |
| 11.4.5. | Cell scaling |
| 11.4.6. | Manufacturing compatibility |
| 11.5. | CATL |
| 11.5.1. | Introduction |
| 11.5.2. | CATL's energy density development roadmap |
| 11.5.3. | CATL's patents on solid-state batteries |
| 11.6. | CEA Tech |
| 11.7. | Coslight |
| 11.8. | Cymbet Corporation |
| 11.8.1. | Introduction to Cymbet |
| 11.8.2. | Technology |
| 11.8.3. | Micro-battery products |
| 11.9. | Enovate Motors |
| 11.10. | Ensurge Micropower (Formerly Thin Film Electronics ASA ) |
| 11.10.1. | Introduction to the company |
| 11.10.2. | Ensurge's execution plan |
| 11.10.3. | Ensurge's technology 1 |
| 11.10.4. | Ensurge's technology 2 |
| 11.10.5. | Anode-less design |
| 11.10.6. | Business model and market |
| 11.10.7. | Key customers, partners, and competitors |
| 11.10.8. | Company financials |
| 11.11. | Excellatron |
| 11.11.1. | Introduction to Excellatron |
| 11.11.2. | Thin-film solid-state batteries made by Excellatron |
| 11.12. | Factorial Energy |
| 11.12.1. | Company summary |
| 11.12.2. | Performance summary of Factorial Energy |
| 11.12.3. | Introduction to Factorial Energy |
| 11.12.4. | Company history |
| 11.12.5. | Factorial Energy's technology |
| 11.12.6. | Cycle life tests |
| 11.12.7. | Elevated and low temperature tests |
| 11.12.8. | Power test |
| 11.12.9. | Possible supply chain |
| 11.12.10. | SWOT analysis of Factorial Energy |
| 11.12.11. | Technology analysis |
| 11.12.12. | Technology analysis 2 |
| 11.12.13. | Business analysis |
| 11.13. | FDK |
| 11.13.1. | Introduction |
| 11.13.2. | Applications of FDK's solid state battery |
| 11.13.3. | FDK's SMD all-solid-state battery |
| 11.14. | Fisker |
| 11.14.1. | Automakers' efforts - Fisker Inc. |
| 11.15. | Fraunhofer |
| 11.15.1. | Academic views - Fraunhofer Batterien |
| 11.15.2. | IKTS' sites working on ASSB |
| 11.15.3. | IKTS' technology |
| 11.15.4. | LLZO manufacturing processes |
| 11.15.5. | IKTS' EMBATT development |
| 11.15.6. | Work on LATP |
| 11.16. | Front Edge Technology |
| 11.16.1. | Ultra-thin micro-battery - NanoEnergy® (1) |
| 11.16.2. | Ultra-thin micro-battery - NanoEnergy® (2) |
| 11.17. | Ganfeng Lithium |
| 11.17.1. | Company summary |
| 11.17.2. | Performance summary of Ganfeng Lithium |
| 11.17.3. | Cell structure summary |
| 11.17.4. | Ganfeng Lithium's history (1) |
| 11.17.5. | Ganfeng Lithium's history (2) |
| 11.17.6. | Ganfeng Lithium's history (3) |
| 11.17.7. | Dongfeng demonstration |
| 11.17.8. | Ganfeng Lithium's SSB technology |
| 11.17.9. | Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, CAS |
| 11.17.10. | Pilot produced battery: energy density |
| 11.17.11. | Pilot produced battery: rating capability |
| 11.17.12. | Pilot produced battery: temperature performance |
| 11.17.13. | Ganfeng's collaborative ecosystem |
| 11.17.14. | Global layout |
| 11.17.15. | Ganfeng's supply chain layout |
| 11.17.16. | R&D laboratory |
| 11.17.17. | Scientific research platform |
| 11.17.18. | Undertaken projects |
| 11.17.19. | Collaboration |
| 11.17.20. | Lithium metal production |
| 11.17.21. | Technology roadmap |
| 11.17.22. | Solid-state battery products: Solid-state lithium-ion battery |
| 11.17.23. | Solid-state battery products: Solid-State lithium metal cell |
| 11.17.24. | Solid-state battery products: Solid-state lithium battery module |
| 11.17.25. | Gangfeng Lithium's supply chain |
| 11.17.26. | Funding and clients |
| 11.17.27. | Financial details of 2020 |
| 11.17.28. | Revenue by business lines |
| 11.17.29. | Revenue by geography |
| 11.17.30. | Revenue / profit over years |
| 11.17.31. | SWOT analysis of Ganfeng Lithium |
| 11.17.32. | Technology and manufacturing analysis |
| 11.17.33. | Supply chain analysis |
| 11.17.34. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.18. | Hitachi Zosen |
| 11.18.1. | Hitachi Zosen's solid-state electrolyte |
| 11.18.2. | Hitachi Zosen's batteries |
| 11.18.3. | Battery characteristics |
| 11.19. | Hydro-Québec |
| 11.19.1. | Hydro-Québec 1 |
| 11.19.2. | Hydro-Québec 2 |
| 11.19.3. | Battery development plan |
| 11.19.4. | Partners |
| 11.20. | Ilika |
| 11.20.1. | Introduction to Ilika |
| 11.20.2. | Ilika's microtechnology |
| 11.20.3. | Technology roadmap and potential applications |
| 11.20.4. | Ilika's business model |
| 11.20.5. | Ilika's manufacturing model |
| 11.20.6. | Ilika: Stereax |
| 11.20.7. | Ilika: Goliath |
| 11.20.8. | Goliath manufacturing |
| 11.21. | Infinite Power Solutions |
| 11.21.1. | Technology of Infinite Power Solutions |
| 11.21.2. | Cost comparison between a standard prismatic battery and IPS' battery |
| 11.22. | Ionic Materials |
| 11.22.1. | Introduction |
| 11.22.2. | Technology and manufacturing process of Ionic Materials |
| 11.23. | Ion Storage Systems |
| 11.23.1. | Introduction to Ion Storage Systems |
| 11.23.2. | Cell technology |
| 11.23.3. | Ion Storage System's scaling process |
| 11.23.4. | Partners and expertise |
| 11.24. | JiaWei Renewable Energy |
| 11.25. | Johnson Energy Storage |
| 11.25.1. | JES' technology |
| 11.26. | Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, CAS |
| 11.27. | Ohara Corporation |
| 11.27.1. | Lithium ion conducting glass-ceramic powder-01 |
| 11.27.2. | LICGCTM PW-01 for cathode additives |
| 11.27.3. | Ohara's products for solid state batteries |
| 11.27.4. | Ohara / PolyPlus |
| 11.27.5. | Application of LICGC for all solid state batteries |
| 11.27.6. | Properties of multilayer all solid-state lithium ion battery using LICGC as electrolyte |
| 11.27.7. | LICGC products at the show |
| 11.27.8. | Manufacturing process of Ohara glass |
| 11.28. | PolyPlus |
| 11.28.1. | Introduction to PolyPlus |
| 11.28.2. | PLE separator |
| 11.28.3. | PolyPlus projects |
| 11.28.4. | PLE-based batteries |
| 11.28.5. | Lithium seawater battery development plan |
| 11.28.6. | PolyPlus Glass Battery |
| 11.28.7. | Testing data |
| 11.28.8. | Cell fabrication |
| 11.28.9. | Hybrid Li-metal battery vs fully solid-state battery |
| 11.29. | Prieto Battery |
| 11.30. | Prime Planet Energy & Solutions |
| 11.30.1. | Company introduction |
| 11.31. | ProLogium |
| 11.31.1. | Company summary |
| 11.31.2. | Performance summary of ProLogium |
| 11.31.3. | Cell structure summary |
| 11.31.4. | Separator description |
| 11.31.5. | Company history |
| 11.31.6. | Funding |
| 11.31.7. | Technology highlights |
| 11.31.8. | Core technology: oxide electrolyte & ASM |
| 11.31.9. | Core technology: LCB |
| 11.31.10. | Core technology: MAB |
| 11.31.11. | Product types |
| 11.31.12. | Improvement of LCB electrical properties |
| 11.31.13. | Improvement of LCB cells |
| 11.31.14. | Cell operation temperature data |
| 11.31.15. | MAB pack progress roadmap |
| 11.31.16. | MAB idea to increase assembly utilization |
| 11.31.17. | ProLogium assembly CTP and CIP |
| 11.31.18. | Inlay structure for the MAB technology |
| 11.31.19. | ProLogium: EV battery pack assembly |
| 11.31.20. | ProLogium: "MAB" EV battery pack assembly |
| 11.31.21. | Cost reduction potential |
| 11.31.22. | ProLogium's manufacturing experience |
| 11.31.23. | Global production plan |
| 11.31.24. | Recycling |
| 11.31.25. | Business model and markets |
| 11.31.26. | Supply chain of ProLogium |
| 11.31.27. | Patent summary |
| 11.31.28. | Adoption case study: Enovate Motors |
| 11.31.29. | SWOT analysis of ProLogium |
| 11.31.30. | Cell technology strengths |
| 11.31.31. | Cell technology weaknesses |
| 11.31.32. | Pack technology analysis |
| 11.31.33. | Manufacturing analysis |
| 11.31.34. | Supply chain analysis |
| 11.31.35. | Business analysis |
| 11.32. | Qingtao Energy Development |
| 11.32.1. | Company summary |
| 11.32.2. | Performance summary of Qingtao |
| 11.32.3. | Cell structure summary |
| 11.32.4. | History of Qingtao Energy Development 1 |
| 11.32.5. | History of Qingtao Energy Development 2 |
| 11.32.6. | History of QingTao Energy Development 3 |
| 11.32.7. | Mass specific energy test |
| 11.32.8. | Qingtao business areas |
| 11.32.9. | Yichun 1GWh facility equipment and capacity |
| 11.32.10. | Manufacturing processes |
| 11.32.11. | Yichun 1GWh facility: major materials |
| 11.32.12. | Yichun 1GWh facility: major materials (continue) |
| 11.32.13. | Cell manufacturing |
| 11.32.14. | Qingtao battery pilot sample production facilities |
| 11.32.15. | Qingtao material formation/process R&D platform 1 |
| 11.32.16. | Qingtao material formation/process R&D platform 2 |
| 11.32.17. | Qingtao 1GWh facility |
| 11.32.18. | Qingtao's SSB products: Cells |
| 11.32.19. | Qingtao's SSB products: Packs 1 |
| 11.32.20. | Qingtao's SSB products: Packs 2 |
| 11.32.21. | Qingtao's SSB products: Electronics |
| 11.32.22. | Qingtao's SSB products: Energy storage systems |
| 11.32.23. | Qingtao's SSB products: Materials |
| 11.32.24. | Qingtao's solid-state battery supply chain |
| 11.32.25. | Funding |
| 11.32.26. | Board members |
| 11.32.27. | Commercialization plan of Qingtao |
| 11.32.28. | BAIC's prototype |
| 11.32.29. | Hozon Automobile's prototype |
| 11.32.30. | SWOT analysis of Qingtao |
| 11.32.31. | Analysis factors |
| 11.32.32. | Cell performance analysis |
| 11.32.33. | Manufacturing and supply chain analysis |
| 11.32.34. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.33. | QuantumScape |
| 11.33.1. | Company summary |
| 11.33.2. | Performance summary of QuantumScape |
| 11.33.3. | Cell structure summary |
| 11.33.4. | Introduction to QuantumScape |
| 11.33.5. | Introduction to QuantumScape's technology |
| 11.33.6. | QuantumScape prototypes |
| 11.33.7. | QuantumScape's technology |
| 11.33.8. | Garnet electrolyte/catholyte |
| 11.33.9. | Summary of test analysis of QuantumScape's cells |
| 11.33.10. | Single layer battery cycle life test |
| 11.33.11. | Low temperature life test |
| 11.33.12. | 4-layer battery cycle life test |
| 11.33.13. | 10-layer battery cycle life test |
| 11.33.14. | Cycle life test for LFP batteries |
| 11.33.15. | Fast charging test |
| 11.33.16. | Dendrite resistance performance of the electrolyte |
| 11.33.17. | Power profile tested by VW |
| 11.33.18. | 4C fast charging |
| 11.33.19. | Low temperature test |
| 11.33.20. | Thermal stability test |
| 11.33.21. | Heath checks |
| 11.33.22. | Cycle life test |
| 11.33.23. | Cycle life test (continued) |
| 11.33.24. | Cycle life test (continued) |
| 11.33.25. | Summary of external cycle life test |
| 11.33.26. | Summary of cycle life test |
| 11.33.27. | Zero externally applied pressure cycle life |
| 11.33.28. | QuantumScape patent summary 1 |
| 11.33.29. | QuantumScape patent summary 2 |
| 11.33.30. | QuantumScape patent analysis 1 |
| 11.33.31. | QuantumScape patent analysis 2 |
| 11.33.32. | QuantumScape patent analysis 3 |
| 11.33.33. | QuantumScape patent analysis 4 |
| 11.33.34. | QuantumScape patent analysis 5 |
| 11.33.35. | QuantumScape patent analysis 6 |
| 11.33.36. | QuantumScape patent analysis 7 |
| 11.33.37. | QuantumScape patent analysis 8 |
| 11.33.38. | QuantumScape patent analysis 9 |
| 11.33.39. | QuantumScape's manufacturing timeline |
| 11.33.40. | Key milestones |
| 11.33.41. | Manufacturing |
| 11.33.42. | Key members in QuantumScape |
| 11.33.43. | Solid-state battery supply chain of QuantumScape |
| 11.33.44. | Funding and investors |
| 11.33.45. | SWOT analysis of QuantumScape |
| 11.33.46. | Features of garnet electrolyte in SSBs |
| 11.33.47. | Technology analysis: Strengths |
| 11.33.48. | Technology analysis: Weaknesses |
| 11.33.49. | Manufacturing and supply chain analysis |
| 11.33.50. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.34. | Schott |
| 11.35. | SEEO |
| 11.36. | SES |
| 11.36.1. | Company summary |
| 11.36.2. | Performance summary of SES |
| 11.36.3. | Cell structure summary |
| 11.36.4. | Company history 1 |
| 11.36.5. | Company history 2 |
| 11.36.6. | 5 metrics of SES' technology |
| 11.36.7. | SES technology |
| 11.36.8. | Good lithium metal surface required |
| 11.36.9. | SES' electrolyte |
| 11.36.10. | SES electrolyte development roadmap for EV under C/3-C/3 |
| 11.36.11. | SES electrolyte development |
| 11.36.12. | SES technology to prevent dendrite growth |
| 11.36.13. | SES technology to prevent dendrite growth (cont'd) |
| 11.36.14. | AI powered BMS safety algorithm |
| 11.36.15. | Cathode and cell assembly |
| 11.36.16. | Cell test data: 3-4 layers cell cycle life |
| 11.36.17. | Cell test data: 4Ah cell cycle life |
| 11.36.18. | Cell test data: 4Ah cell c-rate capability |
| 11.36.19. | Test data of Hermes cell |
| 11.36.20. | Apollo cell |
| 11.36.21. | Lithium metal foils |
| 11.36.22. | SES' demonstrated cell performance |
| 11.36.23. | Comparison of SES cell and old Li-metal cell, graphite-based Li-ion cell and Li-ion cell with silicon-graphite composite anode |
| 11.36.24. | Comparison among conventional Li-ion, solid-state Li-metal and SES hybrid Li-metal cells |
| 11.36.25. | SES' products |
| 11.36.26. | SES's lithium metal cell data |
| 11.36.27. | SES' view on the market |
| 11.36.28. | SES patents |
| 11.36.29. | Development of an OEM-ready battery |
| 11.36.30. | Manufacturing facility plan |
| 11.36.31. | SES roadmap |
| 11.36.32. | Battery supply chain for SES |
| 11.36.33. | The future of Li-metal / Li-ion supply chain |
| 11.36.34. | Customers & partners & investors |
| 11.36.35. | Partnership with GM, Hyundai, and Honda |
| 11.36.36. | Funding and financials |
| 11.36.37. | 2021 merge transaction summary |
| 11.36.38. | SES board members |
| 11.36.39. | SWOT analysis of SES |
| 11.36.40. | Cell technology strengths |
| 11.36.41. | Cell technology weaknesses |
| 11.36.42. | Manufacturing and supply chain analysis |
| 11.36.43. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.37. | Solid Power |
| 11.37.1. | Company summary |
| 11.37.2. | Cell specifications |
| 11.37.3. | Solid Power cell configuration |
| 11.37.4. | History 1 |
| 11.37.5. | History 2 |
| 11.37.6. | Breaking energy density limit of Li-ion batteries |
| 11.37.7. | Solid Power's core technology |
| 11.37.8. | Solid Power's focus in the value chain |
| 11.37.9. | Company products |
| 11.37.10. | Solid Power's sulphide solid-state electrolyte |
| 11.37.11. | Solid Power test data |
| 11.37.12. | Solid Power test data (cont'd) |
| 11.37.13. | High-content silicon EV cell data |
| 11.37.14. | High-content silicon EV cell data (cont'd) |
| 11.37.15. | High-content silicon EV cell data (cont'd) |
| 11.37.16. | 0.2+ Ah pouch cell data (cont'd) |
| 11.37.17. | Technologies on Solid Power product roadmap |
| 11.37.18. | Solid Power's technology roadmap |
| 11.37.19. | High-content silicon anode battery roadmap |
| 11.37.20. | Lithium metal anode battery roadmap |
| 11.37.21. | Product roadmap |
| 11.37.22. | Solid Power's cell roadmap |
| 11.37.23. | Prototype progress |
| 11.37.24. | Solid Power showed their samples |
| 11.37.25. | Commercialization roadmap |
| 11.37.26. | Solid Power's business model |
| 11.37.27. | Solid state battery supply chain of Solid Power |
| 11.37.28. | Solid Power's ASSB technology & partner ecosystem |
| 11.37.29. | Solid Power's flexible All-Solid-State Platform |
| 11.37.30. | Solid Power cost estimate |
| 11.37.31. | Defined path for cost reduction |
| 11.37.32. | Fabrication of cathode and electrolyte |
| 11.37.33. | Solid Power cell production |
| 11.37.34. | Pilot production facility |
| 11.37.35. | Management team |
| 11.37.36. | Upcoming milestones |
| 11.37.37. | Funding |
| 11.37.38. | Key partners & investors |
| 11.37.39. | Solid Power patents |
| 11.37.40. | SWOT analysis of Solid Power |
| 11.37.41. | Technology analysis: Strengths |
| 11.37.42. | Technology analysis: Weaknesses |
| 11.37.43. | Manufacturing and supply chain analysis |
| 11.37.44. | Relationship and business analysis |
| 11.38. | SOLiTHOR/Imec |
| 11.38.1. | About imec |
| 11.38.2. | Imec's electrolyte |
| 11.38.3. | About SOLiTHOR |
| 11.38.4. | SOLiTHOR's technology |
| 11.39. | Solvay |
| 11.39.1. | Solvay 1 |
| 11.39.2. | Solvay 2 |
| 11.40. | STMicroelectronics |
| 11.41. | Taiyo Yuden |
| 11.41.1. | Introduction |
| 11.41.2. | Battery characteristics |
| 11.41.3. | Pulse discharge performance |
| 11.41.4. | Available products |
| 11.42. | TDK |
| 11.42.1. | Introduction |
| 11.42.2. | CeraCharge's performance |
| 11.42.3. | Main applications of CeraCharge |
| 11.43. | Toshiba |
| 11.43.1. | Introduction |
| 11.43.2. | Composite solid-state electrolyte |
| 11.44. | Toyota |
| 11.44.1. | Toyota's activities |
| 11.44.2. | Toyota's efforts |
| 11.44.3. | Toyota's prototype |
| 11.45. | WeLion New Energy Technology |
| 11.45.1. | Company summary |
| 11.45.2. | Performance summary of WeLion |
| 11.45.3. | Cell configuration summary |
| 11.45.4. | Company history |
| 11.45.5. | NIO |
| 11.45.6. | Progress of SSB research at IoP, CAS |
| 11.45.7. | WeLion's battery development history |
| 11.45.8. | Company presence |
| 11.45.9. | Funding |
| 11.45.10. | WeLion's core technologies 1 |
| 11.45.11. | WeLion's core technologies 2 |
| 11.45.12. | Core technology 1: Composite lithium anode: target rating and volume expansion issues |
| 11.45.13. | Core technology 2: Ionic conducting film |
| 11.45.14. | Core technology 3: In-situ solidification technology |
| 11.45.15. | SEM images of the lithium metal and electrolyte |
| 11.45.16. | Capacity / voltage performance of the battery |
| 11.45.17. | Pre-lithiation |
| 11.45.18. | WeLion products |
| 11.45.19. | Products and application for EV |
| 11.45.20. | Hybrid liquid-solid battery performance |
| 11.45.21. | High energy density product performance |
| 11.45.22. | Possible value chain for WeLion |
| 11.45.23. | SWOT analysis of WeLion |
| 11.45.24. | Technology analysis |
| 11.45.25. | Supply chain, relationship and business analysis |
| 12. | APPENDIX |
| 12.1. | Appendix: Background |
| 12.1.1. | Glossary of terms - specifications |
| 12.1.2. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
| 12.1.3. | Battery categories |
| 12.1.4. | Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies |
| 12.1.5. | Actors along the value chain for energy storage |
| 12.1.6. | Primary battery chemistries and common applications |
| 12.1.7. | Numerical specifications of popular rechargeable battery chemistries |
| 12.1.8. | Battery technology benchmark |
| 12.1.9. | What does 1 kilowatthour (kWh) look like? |
| 12.1.10. | A-D sample definitions |
| 12.1.11. | Technology and manufacturing readiness |
| 12.2. | Appendix: Li-Ion Batteries |
| 12.2.1. | Food is electricity for humans |
| 12.2.2. | What is a Li-ion battery (LIB)? |
| 12.2.3. | Anode alternatives: Lithium titanium and lithium metal |
| 12.2.4. | Anode alternatives: Other carbon materials |
| 12.2.5. | Anode alternatives: Silicon, tin and alloying materials |
| 12.2.6. | Cathode alternatives: LCO & LFP |
| 12.2.7. | Cathode alternatives: NMC, NCA & LMO |
| 12.2.8. | Cathode alternatives: LNMO and Vanadium pentoxide |
| 12.2.9. | Cathode alternatives: Sulphur |
| 12.2.10. | Cathode alternatives: Oxygen |
| 12.2.11. | High energy cathodes require fluorinated electrolytes |
| 12.2.12. | How can LIBs be improved? |
| 12.2.13. | Milestone discoveries that shaped the modern lithium-ion batteries |
| 12.2.14. | Push, pull and trilemma in Li-ions |
| 12.2.15. | Lithium-ion supply chain |
| 12.2.16. | High-end commercial Li-ion battery specifications |
| 12.2.17. | Cathode performance comparison |
| 12.2.18. | Comparison of Li-ion batteries for automotive |
| 12.2.19. | Cell energy density comparison of different cathodes |
| 12.3. | Appendix:Why Is Battery Development so Slow? |
| 12.3.1. | What is a battery? |
| 12.3.2. | A big obstacle — energy density |
| 12.3.3. | Battery technology is based on redox reactions |
| 12.3.4. | Electrochemical reaction is essentially based on electron transfer |
| 12.3.5. | Electrochemical inactive components reduce energy density |
| 12.3.6. | The importance of an electrolyte in a battery |
| 12.3.7. | Cathode & anode need to have structural order |
| 12.3.8. | Failure story about metallic lithium anode |
| 12.3.9. | Appendix: Cathode and Cell Comparison for Conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| 12.3.10. | Cathode performance comparison |
| 12.3.11. | Comparison of Li-ion batteries for automotive |
| 12.3.12. | Cell energy density comparison of different cathodes |
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