박막 태양광 시장은 2033년에 61억 달러 규모로 성장할 것으로 전망
실리콘을 너머: 박막 광전지 (2023-2033년)
새로운 박막 광전지, 페로브스카이트, 유기물, 염료 감응, 카드뮴텔루라이드, CIGS(Copper indium gallium selenide), 갈륨비소(GaAs), 비정질 실리콘, CZTS(copper zinc tin sulfide), 전체 페로브스카이트 탠덤 및 실리콘 탠덤의 페로브스카이트를 다룬다
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태양광 기술의 미래는 실리콘을 훨씬 넘어 '박막'이라는 특정 부류에 속하는 수많은 대체 재료로 확장된다. 이들은 더 높은 효율의 실내 에너지 수확, 더 간단한 제조 및 기존 실리콘 PV보다 잠재적으로 더 낮은 비용과 같은 몇 가지 고유한 이점을 제공할 수 있다. 특히 흥미로운 기회는, 가정 및 소매 전자제품의 스마트화 증가에 따라 빠르게 성장하는 시장인 사물인터넷(IoT) 장치에 전력을 공급하는 역할이다.
Thin film photovoltaics is an emerging class of alternatives to silicon photovoltaics. The use of thin film materials such as perovskite, organic, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) can broaden the application space for photovoltaics by offering advantages such as flexibility, lower costs, and reduced weight. IDTechEx's new report, Thin Film & Flexible Photovoltaics 2023-2033 assesses the thin film photovoltaics market. It provides detailed analysis of the competing thin film PV technologies, along with determining their suitability for emerging applications such as indoor energy harvesting, powering Internet of Things devices and building integrated PV.
Source IDTechEx Research
Emerging applications
The thin film photovoltaics market share has been steady at 5% of annual PV production for the past few years. However, the market is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 10% over the next 10 years to US$6.1 billion in 2033 following improvements to inefficiencies and manufacturing processes becoming cheaper and more streamlined. An additional stimulus is the development of new applications that conventional silicon PV is not suitable for due to its bulk, rigidity, and weight.
These applications include building integrated PV (BIPV), where the panels are attached to sides of buildings. In many cases, thin film PV panels can be up to 90 % lighter than silicon panels and therefore are particularly suitable for applications where weight is an important factor, such as on building façades or weak structures. Some types of thin film PV can be made semi-transparent, which makes them less aesthetically obtrusive and ideally suited to deployment on windows.
Other emerging applications belong to the small self-powered electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) sector, which is expected to grow substantially in the coming years as 'smart' electronics become ubiquitous in everyday life. Lightweight thin film minimodules can be used to power such devices and could serve as a cheaper and more long-lasting alternative to batteries or extensive wiring. Many household and retail appliances such as temperature, humidity, motion, and security sensors are likely to become increasingly 'smart' over the next decade and able to transmit data to the cloud to enable greater functionality. This is often referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) and represents a substantial opportunity for thin film PV.
Thin Film & Flexible Photovoltaics: 2023-2033 identifies lucrative market opportunities where thin film PV could serve as an equal or more suitable alternative to conventional silicon PV. The new report by IDTechEx includes the following information:
Key questions answered in this report
- What thin film PV and how can it be used to address climate change?
- What are the competitive existing PV technologies?
- What are the various market segmentations?
- What is the technology readiness level of each thin film PV technology?
- What are the key drivers and hurdles for market growth?
- Where are the key growth opportunities?
- Who are the key players?
- What are the most lucrative innovation opportunities?
- What are the emerging or untapped application areas?
Technology overview and trends
- Overview of thin film photovoltaics and assessment of technological and commercial readiness levels.
- Individual assessment of perovskite, organic, dye sensitized, CdTe, CIGS, gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon, and copper zinc tin sulfide, and their suitability for widespread industry adoption.
- Evaluation of different manufacturing processes and barriers to entry.
- Benchmarking of solution-based deposition methods and substrate materials
- Trends in different thin film PV cell designs and compromises/factors to consider.
- Discussion of the biggest challenges facing each technology and where the greatest competition lies.
- Cost-effective alternatives to the different manufacturing process are discussed for each technology.
- Key innovation opportunities within the supply chain for emerging PV technologies are identified.
Market landscape
- Detailed overview of both established and emerging players in each thin film category including products, target markets, partnerships, and more.
- Analysis of the various addressable markets and their barriers to entry, technology gaps, drivers, and key users.
- Technology readiness, market status, and roadmap for key applications
- Detailed price comparisons and progressions of thin film PV
- Primary information from key companies based on one-to-one interviews, including multiple company profiles.
- 10-year market forecasts covering solar farm, building integrated PV, and wireless electronics applications, expressed in terms of production capacity and revenue.
IDTechEx has 10 years of expertise covering printed and flexible electronics, including thin film photovoltaics. Our analysts have closely followed the latest developments in the technology and associated markets, interviewed key players across the supply chain, attended conferences, and delivered consulting projects on the field. This report examines the current status and latest trends in technology performance, supply chain, manufacturing know-how, and application development progress. It also identifies the key challenges, competition and innovation opportunities facing perovskite PV.
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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Current landscape of solar PV |
| 1.2. | Could the thin film market share increase? |
| 1.3. | Thin film PV technologies covered in this report (I) |
| 1.4. | Motivation for thin film solar cells |
| 1.5. | Thin film PV technologies covered in this report |
| 1.6. | Typical commercial efficiencies of existing PV technologies |
| 1.7. | Photovoltaics technology readiness status |
| 1.8. | Commercial opportunity for PV technologies |
| 1.9. | Comparing thin film technologies (i) |
| 1.10. | Comparing thin film technologies (ii) |
| 1.11. | CdTe PV suffers from raw material concerns |
| 1.12. | Key CIGS player exited the market in June 2022 |
| 1.13. | The future of GaAs PV? |
| 1.14. | Amorphous silicon PV experiencing market decline |
| 1.15. | Technological transition improves organic PV efficiency and stability |
| 1.16. | Readiness of organic PV materials and opportunities |
| 1.17. | Perovskite PV - rapid efficiency growth |
| 1.18. | Drivers for perovskite PV |
| 1.19. | Comparison of thin film deposition methods |
| 1.20. | Thin film PV industry adoption of deposition methods |
| 1.21. | Key takeaways (i) |
| 1.22. | Key takeaways (ii) |
| 1.23. | Key takeaways (iii) |
| 1.24. | Thin film PV annual revenue |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Solar energy is the fastest growing energy source |
| 2.2. | Current landscape of solar PV |
| 2.3. | Motivation for thin film solar cells |
| 2.4. | Thin film PV technologies covered in this report (i) |
| 2.5. | Thin film PV technologies covered in this report (ii) |
| 2.6. | Could the thin film market share increase? |
| 2.7. | Typical commercial efficiencies of existing PV technologies |
| 2.8. | Comparing thin film technologies (i) |
| 2.9. | Comparing thin film technologies (ii) |
| 2.10. | Photovoltaics technology status |
| 2.11. | Typical cost of PV technologies |
| 2.12. | Silicon processing is costly and time intensive |
| 2.13. | Thin film PV benefits from greater vertical integration |
| 2.14. | How does a thin film solar cell work? |
| 2.15. | Key solar cell performance metrics |
| 2.16. | Breakdown of following chapters |
| 3. | MARKET FORECASTS |
| 3.1. | Forecasting methodology |
| 3.2. | Forecasting module costs |
| 3.3. | Total installed PV capacity forecast |
| 3.4. | Thin film PV annual production forecast |
| 3.5. | Thin film annual revenue |
| 3.6. | Thin film annual revenue (excluding CdTe) |
| 3.7. | Module costs |
| 3.8. | Cumulative installed solar farm capacity |
| 3.9. | Annual surface area production - solar farms |
| 3.10. | Solar farm annual revenue |
| 3.11. | Solar farm annual revenue (excluding CdTe) |
| 3.12. | Cumulative installed BIPV capacity |
| 3.13. | Annual surface area production - BIPV |
| 3.14. | BIPV annual revenue |
| 3.15. | PV module costs for wireless electronics |
| 3.16. | Production forecast for PV-powered wireless electronics |
| 3.17. | Annual revenue for PV in wireless electronics |
| 4. | EMERGING THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.1.1. | Introduction to emerging thin film PV |
| 4.1.2. | Emerging thin film PV technology status |
| 4.2. | Dye Sensitised Photovoltaics |
| 4.2.1. | Introduction to dye sensitized solar cells |
| 4.2.2. | How does a DSSC work? |
| 4.2.3. | Carbon more practical than platinum as counter electrode |
| 4.2.4. | Opportunities to enhance DSSC electrolyte |
| 4.2.5. | Emerging alternatives to electrolyte solution for DSSC |
| 4.2.6. | Exeger: Utilizing DSSC to harvest energy for consumer goods |
| 4.2.7. | Value propositions of DSSC PV for indoor energy harvesting of consumer devices |
| 4.2.8. | Exeger's partnerships show promising future of DSSCs |
| 4.2.9. | DSSC-powered AR/VR headsets? |
| 4.2.10. | Solaronix - DSSC materials provider turning to perovskites |
| 4.2.11. | Innovation opportunities within DSSCs |
| 4.2.12. | Porter's Five Forces: DSSC PV Market |
| 4.2.13. | SWOT: Dye sensitised PV |
| 4.2.14. | Key Takeaways: DSSCs |
| 4.3. | Organic Photovoltaics |
| 4.3.1. | Introduction to organic PV |
| 4.3.2. | OPV: How does it work? |
| 4.3.3. | Advantages of organic PV relative to conventional silicon PV(i) |
| 4.3.4. | Advantages of organic PV relative to conventional silicon PV (ii) |
| 4.3.5. | Significant lag between lab and industry |
| 4.3.6. | Key players in the OPV industry |
| 4.3.7. | Porter's Five Forces: Organic PV Market |
| 4.3.8. | SWOT: Organic PV |
| 4.4. | Organic PV Materials Opportunities |
| 4.4.1. | Types of organic PV materials |
| 4.4.2. | Organic materials: Molecules vs polymers |
| 4.4.3. | Technological transition improves organic PV efficiency and stability |
| 4.4.4. | Benefits of non-fullerene acceptors in OPV (i) |
| 4.4.5. | Benefits of non-fullerene acceptors in OPV (ii) |
| 4.4.6. | Examples of non-fullerene acceptors |
| 4.4.7. | Tuneable band gaps make OPV well-suited to niche applications |
| 4.4.8. | Brilliant Matters producing speciality organic inks |
| 4.4.9. | Benefits of Brilliant Matters' unique polymerization methodology |
| 4.4.10. | Raynergy Tek targeting high efficiency OPV |
| 4.4.11. | OPV materials opportunities |
| 4.4.12. | Readiness of organic PV materials |
| 4.4.13. | Key takeaways: Organic PV |
| 4.5. | Perovskite Photovoltaics |
| 4.5.1. | What is perovskite PV? |
| 4.5.2. | Perovskite PV - A high achiever |
| 4.5.3. | Perovskite solar cell evolution |
| 4.5.4. | n-i-p vs p-i-n configurations |
| 4.5.5. | Simple structures for scalable perovskite PV |
| 4.5.6. | Emerging research topics in perovskite PV |
| 4.5.7. | Perovskite research begins to plateau |
| 4.5.8. | Perovskite PV incentivisation |
| 4.5.9. | Has perovskite PV lived up to early expectations? |
| 4.5.10. | Perovskite PV could be low-cost alternative to GaAs |
| 4.5.11. | Perovskites can save time, money, and energy relative to silicon PV |
| 4.5.12. | Perovskite PV challenges |
| 4.5.13. | Stability poses a challenge to commercialisation |
| 4.5.14. | Extrinsic degradation |
| 4.5.15. | Intrinsic degradation mechanisms |
| 4.5.16. | Material engineering can improve stability but compromise optical properties |
| 4.5.17. | Commercialisation of perovskite PV underway |
| 4.5.18. | Porter's Five Forces: Thin film perovskite PV market |
| 4.5.19. | SWOT analysis of thin film perovskite PV |
| 4.6. | Perovskite PV Materials Opportunities |
| 4.6.1. | Perovskite Material Components |
| 4.6.2. | Are lead concerns justified? |
| 4.6.3. | Public perception vs reality of lead |
| 4.6.4. | Material composition influences light absorption |
| 4.6.5. | Perovskite active layer materials - a commoditised market |
| 4.6.6. | High demand for low cost transport layers |
| 4.6.7. | Organic charge transport layers have high complexity |
| 4.6.8. | SFX - An alternative to Spiro as a hole transport layer? |
| 4.6.9. | Charge transport layer can limit cell efficiency |
| 4.6.10. | Inorganic charge transport layers are a simpler alternative to organic materials |
| 4.6.11. | Key takeaways: Perovskite PV |
| 4.7. | Applications for Emerging PV |
| 4.7.1. | Introduction: Applications for emerging PV |
| 4.7.2. | Current state of application development |
| 4.7.3. | Meeting application requirements - existing silicon vs thin film perovskite |
| 4.7.4. | Thin film PV for indoor energy harvesting |
| 4.7.5. | Thin film PV targets emerging IoT Applications |
| 4.7.6. | Perovskite PV could be cost-effective alternative for wireless energy harvesting |
| 4.7.7. | Solar powered smart packaging |
| 4.7.8. | Epishine has largest IP portfolio on OPV |
| 4.7.9. | Epishine is leading the way in solar powered IoT |
| 4.7.10. | Epishine considering entering perovskite PV market |
| 4.7.11. | Ribes Tech - OPV developer making customizable OPV modules |
| 4.7.12. | Ribes Tech targeting IoT market |
| 4.7.13. | Dracula Technologies aiming for low-cost small OPV modules |
| 4.7.14. | Dracula Tech intending >5 million piece production capacity by 2024 (i) |
| 4.7.15. | Dracula Tech intending >5 million piece production capacity by 2024 (ii) |
| 4.7.16. | infinityPV developing organic PV powered portable chargers |
| 4.7.17. | Saule Technologies: Perovskite PV developer for indoor electronics |
| 4.7.18. | Saule Technologies developing perovskite PV powered electronic shelf labels |
| 4.7.19. | Perovskite PV for vertical building integration |
| 4.7.20. | Tuneable bandgaps make thin film PV well suited to niche applications |
| 4.7.21. | Ubiquitous Energy developing organic PV glass |
| 4.7.22. | Could thin film PV be used to power cars? |
| 4.7.23. | Perovskite PV for conventional applications |
| 4.7.24. | Key takeways: Applications |
| 4.8. | Scalable Deposition Methods |
| 4.8.1. | Deposition techniques for scalable processing |
| 4.8.2. | Sputtering for high purity deposition |
| 4.8.3. | AACVD is an emerging solution-based vacuum approach |
| 4.8.4. | Inkjet printing for high spatial resolution |
| 4.8.5. | Blade coating is cheap but inconsistent |
| 4.8.6. | Slot-die coating is promising for industry |
| 4.8.7. | Spray coating - rapid but wasteful |
| 4.8.8. | Poor spatial resolution wastes material |
| 4.8.9. | Comparison of deposition methods |
| 4.8.10. | How to decide on thin film deposition methods? |
| 4.8.11. | Towards roll-to-roll printing |
| 4.8.12. | Novel perovskite deposition technique by Creaphys/MBraun |
| 4.8.13. | Thin film PV industry adoption of deposition methods |
| 4.8.14. | Summary of Deposition Methods |
| 4.9. | Substrates and Encapsulation Materials |
| 4.9.1. | Introduction: Substrates and encapsulation for thin film PV |
| 4.9.2. | Substrate choices: Conventional and emerging |
| 4.9.3. | Limitations of rigid glass substrates |
| 4.9.4. | Alternatives to rigid glass |
| 4.9.5. | What is ultra-thin flexible glass? |
| 4.9.6. | Ultra-thin glass improves flexibility |
| 4.9.7. | Encapsulation advantages of ultra-thin flexible glass |
| 4.9.8. | Corning Willow flexible glass: Market leader |
| 4.9.9. | Schott Solar flexible glass for aerospace |
| 4.9.10. | Flexible glass substrates: Advantages and disadvantages |
| 4.9.11. | Plastic substrates - cheap and flexible |
| 4.9.12. | Barrier layer requirement increases cost of plastic substrates |
| 4.9.13. | Why use metal foil substrates? |
| 4.9.14. | Substrate surface roughness impacts cell performance |
| 4.9.15. | Substrate material supply opportunities |
| 4.9.16. | Substrate cost comparison |
| 4.9.17. | Benchmarking substrate materials |
| 4.9.18. | How to choose a substrate |
| 4.9.19. | Glass-glass encapsulation to prevent extrinsic degradation |
| 4.9.20. | Comparison of common polymer encapsulant materials |
| 4.9.21. | Thin film encapsulation |
| 4.9.22. | Al2O3 is an upcoming thin film encapsulant |
| 4.9.23. | Ergis providing flexible barrier films with exceptionally low WVTR |
| 4.9.24. | Commercial flexible encapsulation |
| 4.9.25. | Opportunities within substrates and encapsulation |
| 4.9.26. | Key takeaways: substrates and encapsulation |
| 5. | INORGANIC ALTERNATIVES TO SILICON PV |
| 5.1. | Overview |
| 5.1.1. | Introduction: Inorganic alternatives to silicon |
| 5.1.2. | Inorganic PV comparisons |
| 5.1.3. | Readiness levels of inorganic alternatives to silicon PV |
| 5.1.4. | Summary of inorganic alternatives to silicon PV |
| 5.2. | Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) |
| 5.2.1. | Introduction to CdTe PV: The second most common PV technology |
| 5.2.2. | CdTe Photovoltaics: How does it work? |
| 5.2.3. | New CdTe cell structure increases efficiency |
| 5.2.4. | Why CdTe PV? |
| 5.2.5. | CdTe market share - has it plateaued? |
| 5.2.6. | CdTe PV plagued by toxicity concerns |
| 5.2.7. | CdTe PV suffers from raw material concerns |
| 5.2.8. | Does CdTe face a production limit? |
| 5.2.9. | First Solar's monopoly - room for entry? |
| 5.2.10. | The unexplored rooftop market |
| 5.2.11. | Can Toledo Solar crack emerging markets? |
| 5.2.12. | Alternative absorber materials |
| 5.2.13. | Innovation opportunities for CdTe PV |
| 5.2.14. | SWOT: CdTe PV |
| 5.2.15. | Porter's Five Forces: CdTe PV Market |
| 5.2.16. | Key takeaways: CdTe PV |
| 5.3. | Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) |
| 5.3.1. | Introduction to CIGS PV |
| 5.3.2. | CIGS PV: How does it work? |
| 5.3.3. | Value propositions of CIGS PV |
| 5.3.4. | Why has CIGS PV struggled to gain ground? |
| 5.3.5. | Key player exited the market in June 2022 |
| 5.3.6. | Aesthetics are important for BIPV |
| 5.3.7. | Could flexible CIGS solar cells take off? |
| 5.3.8. | Midsummer making flexible cadmium-free CIGS solar cells |
| 5.3.9. | Midsummer targeting rooftop market |
| 5.3.10. | Midsummer attempting expansion into aerospace |
| 5.3.11. | Transition toward cadmium-free cells |
| 5.3.12. | The search for simple low cost deposition |
| 5.3.13. | CIGS PV innovation opportunities |
| 5.3.14. | SWOT: CIGS PV |
| 5.3.15. | Porter's Five Forces: CIGS PV Market |
| 5.3.16. | Key takeaways: CIGS PV |
| 5.4. | Gallium Arsenide |
| 5.4.1. | Introduction to GaAs PV |
| 5.4.2. | GaAs PV: How does it work? |
| 5.4.3. | Multi-junction GaAs solar cells |
| 5.4.4. | Properties of GaAs PV |
| 5.4.5. | The future of GaAs PV? |
| 5.4.6. | Key player Alta Devices has shut down |
| 5.4.7. | Slow manufacturing is an issue for GaAs |
| 5.4.8. | NREL working on inexpensive manufacturing |
| 5.4.9. | Solar cars - an Earth application of GaAs PV? |
| 5.4.10. | GaAs PV innovation opportunities |
| 5.4.11. | SWOT: GaAs PV |
| 5.4.12. | Porter's Five Forces: GaAs PV Market |
| 5.4.13. | Key takeaways: GaAs PV |
| 5.5. | Amorphous Silicon |
| 5.5.1. | Amorphous silicon: What is it? |
| 5.5.2. | Amorphous silicon PV: How does it work? |
| 5.5.3. | Deposition of amorphous silicon |
| 5.5.4. | Onyx Solar producing PV glass with amorphous silicon |
| 5.5.5. | Amorphous silicon PV experiencing market decline |
| 5.5.6. | Conventional silicon PV using amorphous silicon |
| 5.5.7. | Photovoltaic thermal collectors: a potential application of amorphous silicon? |
| 5.5.8. | Does amorphous silicon PV have a future? |
| 5.5.9. | Amorphous silicon PV innovation opportunities |
| 5.5.10. | Porter's Five Forces: a-Si PV Market |
| 5.5.11. | SWOT: Amorphous silicon PV |
| 5.5.12. | Key takeaways: Amorphous silicon PV |
| 5.6. | Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) |
| 5.6.1. | What is CZTS photovoltaics? |
| 5.6.2. | CZTS PV: How does it work? |
| 5.6.3. | Cadmium-free buffer layers |
| 5.6.4. | Crystalsol commercialising CZTS PV |
| 5.6.5. | CZTS as a hole-transport layer in perovskite solar cells |
| 5.6.6. | Solution processing of CZTS |
| 5.6.7. | CZTS PV innovation opportunities |
| 5.6.8. | Porter's Five Forces: CZTS PV Market |
| 5.6.9. | SWOT: CZTS PV |
| 5.6.10. | Key Takeaways: CZTS PV |
| 6. | TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAICS |
| 6.1. | Overview |
| 6.1.1. | Introduction to tandem photovoltaics |
| 6.1.2. | Single junction vs tandem solar cells |
| 6.1.3. | Tandem solar cells to surpass theoretical efficiency limits of a single junction |
| 6.2. | Perovskite on Silicon Tandem |
| 6.2.1. | Perovskite on silicon tandem advantages |
| 6.2.2. | Tandem cell configurations |
| 6.2.3. | Perovskite on silicon tandem cell challenges |
| 6.2.4. | Perovskite on silicon tandem process flow |
| 6.2.5. | Silicon-perovskite tandem cost breakdown |
| 6.2.6. | Oxford PV: Major player in perovskite on silicon tandem PV |
| 6.2.7. | Business model of Oxford PV |
| 6.2.8. | Oxford PV is entering an unestablished market |
| 6.2.9. | CubicPV: Early stage perovskite on silicon developer |
| 6.2.10. | CubicPV's Direct Wafer® Method |
| 6.2.11. | Cubic PV delays timeline for tandem perovskite-on-silicon PV |
| 6.2.12. | Summary of key players (perovskite on silicon tandem) |
| 6.2.13. | Perovskite on silicon tandem PV roadmap |
| 6.2.14. | Porter's Five Forces: perovskite on silicon tandem PV market |
| 6.2.15. | SWOT analysis of perovskite on silicon tandem PV |
| 6.2.16. | Key takeaways: perovskite on silicon tandem |
| 6.3. | All-Perovskite Tandem |
| 6.3.1. | Current status of all-perovskite tandem solar cells |
| 6.3.2. | Bottom cell poses key challenge |
| 6.3.3. | Tin-based perovskites react with HTL |
| 6.3.4. | Emergence of HTL-free perovskite cells |
| 6.3.5. | Carbon-based HTL-free perovskite cells |
| 6.3.6. | Do HTL-free cells have a future? |
| 6.3.7. | Swift Solar: Developing all-perovskite tandem cells |
| 6.3.8. | Swift Solar's all-perovskite approach |
| 6.3.9. | Swift Solar all-perovskite tandem PV for electric cars |
| 6.3.10. | Non-solution deposition techniques could benefit all-perovskite tandem |
| 6.3.11. | Porter's Five Forces: all-perovskite tandem PV market |
| 6.3.12. | SWOT analysis of all-perovskite tandem PV |
| 6.3.13. | Key takeaways: all-perovskite tandem |
| 6.4. | Emerging Tandem Applications |
| 6.4.1. | Solar cell structures for different applications |
| 6.4.2. | Perovskite on silicon tandem PV coming to rooftops soon |
| 6.4.3. | Could tandem PV be integrated into windows? |
| 6.4.4. | Aesthetics may trump efficiency |
| 6.4.5. | Could all-perovskite tandem deliver solar powered vehicles? |
| 6.4.6. | Lightyear: Long range solar electric vehicle |
| 6.4.7. | Key takeaways: tandem PV applications |
| 7. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 7.1. | Asca |
| 7.2. | Avancis |
| 7.3. | Brilliant Matters |
| 7.4. | Corning |
| 7.5. | Crystalsol |
| 7.6. | CubicPV |
| 7.7. | Dracula Technologies |
| 7.8. | EMC |
| 7.9. | Epishine |
| 7.10. | Exeger |
| 7.11. | GCL |
| 7.12. | Greatcell Solar |
| 7.13. | Heliatek |
| 7.14. | Microquanta Semiconductor |
| 7.15. | Midsummer |
| 7.16. | Onyx Solar |
| 7.17. | Opteria |
| 7.18. | Oxford PV |
| 7.19. | infinityPV |
| 7.20. | Raynergy Tek |
| 7.21. | Ribes Tech |
| 7.22. | Saule Technologies |
| 7.23. | Schott |
| 7.24. | Solaronix |
| 7.25. | Sunew |
| 7.26. | Swift Solar |
| 7.27. | Toledo Solar |
Ordering Information
실리콘을 너머: 박막 광전지 (2023-2033년)
£€$¥元
전자 (사용자 1-5명)
£5,650.00
전자 (사용자 6-10명)
£8,050.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 1-5명)
£6,450.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 6-10명)
£8,850.00
전자 (사용자 1-5명)
€6,400.00
전자 (사용자 6-10명)
€9,100.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 1-5명)
€7,310.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 6-10명)
€10,010.00
전자 (사용자 1-5명)
$7,000.00
전자 (사용자 6-10명)
$10,000.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 1-5명)
$7,975.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 6-10명)
$10,975.00
전자 (사용자 1-5명)
¥990,000
전자 (사용자 6-10명)
¥1,406,000
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 1-5명)
¥1,140,000
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 6-10명)
¥1,556,000
전자 (사용자 1-5명)
元50,000.00
전자 (사용자 6-10명)
元72,000.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 1-5명)
元58,000.00
전자 및 1 하드 카피 (사용자 6-10명)
元80,000.00
Click here to enquire about additional licenses.
If you are a reseller/distributor please contact us before ordering.
お問合せ、見積および請求書が必要な方はm.murakoshi@idtechex.com までご連絡ください。
보고서 통계
| 슬라이드 | 329 |
|---|---|
| 전망 | 2033 |
| ISBN | 9781915514158 |
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